One of the seminal theories of this process of circular and cumulative causation was developed by Gunnar Myrdal who argued that capital movements tend to increase regional inequality by concentrating in the more developed regions (Myrdal, 1957). Underdevelopment, relating to international development, reflects a broad condition or phenomena defined and critiqued by theorists in fields such as economics, development studies, and postcolonial studies. (1973), The Political Economy of Growth, Penguin, London. (1902), Imperialism: A Study, James Pott & Co., New York. Europeanism is reflected even in the Marxist conceptualization of The Asiatic Mode of Production. 23 Conclusion The theories are based on different perspective on the basis of development and underdevelopment concept. These are identified as the “backwash effects” which merely reinforce the structural and socio-economic disadvantages of these regions. Privacy Policy 8. He wishes a society which is free from exploitation and that could be possible only in the socialist economy. Guyanese Marxist historian and political activist and one of the leading theorists on underdevelopment Walter Rodney contends in reference to Africa's underdevelopment, "The decisiveness of the short period of colonialism and its negative consequences for Africa spring mainly from the fact that Africa lost power. These poor nations provide natural resources, cheap labor, and consumer markets for the wealthy nations, without which, according to dependency theorists, they could not have the standard of living they enjoy. Theories of underdevelopment thus beg the question. The other side of ‘Europeanism’ was ‘orientalism’, equally contemptuous of the non-Western world and, therefore, was criticized by Edward Said and Samir Amin (1989) in their writings against Eurocentrism. According to Brazilian social scientist, Theotonio Dos Santos, dependence means a situation in which certain countries economies' are conditioned by the development and expansion of another to which the former is subject. Lewis W.A. Content Guidelines 2. There is general agreement that the Eurozone crisis has had a devastating impact on countries in Europe’s periphery, especially in the south. International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability Vol.4, No.4, pp.12-19, August 2016 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) 12 2053-2199 (Print), 2053-2202(Online) AFRICAN THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE REALITY OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT Ozoigbo Bonaventure Ikechukwu Despite the diversity of views within the neo-Marxian paradigm, there is a consensus that the modern capitalist system can be divided into an advanced “centre” or metropolis, and an underdeveloped “periphery”. There are numerous, competing theories that inform the study of development economics. Bukharin N. (1978), Imperialism and World Economy, Monthly Review Press, New York. Marx K. (1853), “The British Rule in India”, in Marx and Engels: Selected Works, Progress Publishers, Moscow (1977), pp. Image Guidelines 5. Furthermore, Marx considers the “Asiatic” mode of production as “pre-historical” in the sense that it had remained in a state of primordial animation and stagnation until contact with European capitalism. Imperialism is simply defined as the “monopoly stage of capitalism” in which finance capital plays a dominant role as it merges with industrial capital. As soon as it became a capitalist enterprise, however, it acquired the role of industrial capital and began to sow the seeds of capitalist enterprise in India itself. These stages present a linear trajectory of development in a which the traditional society, exhibiting feudal and “backward” characteristics, can transform into a modern society with advanced industries and urban societies. (b) The other view that Todaro calls the “false paradigm” model is that the underdevelopment of the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America is result of the inappropriate and faulty advice provided to them by the assisting agencies like UNESCO, ILO, UNDP, IMF etc. By the decade of seventies of the 20th century, the theory of the stages of economic growth became redundant and the structural internationalist theory became prominent. According to this structure, which includes a core, a periphery, and a semi-periphery, not every nation can develop simultaneously (which directly challenges the linear model of modernization which suggests that all countries are on the trajectory of development). It is in the interest of the capitalist world to keep the backward world as an indispensable hinterland. Disclaimer 9. ADVERTISEMENTS: Theories of Underdevelopment: Baran’s View on Underdevelopment! These are identified as the centrifugal, “spread effects” caused by economic expansion in the core regions which diffuse technology, capital investment and a modern infrastructure to the outlying, less developed hinterlands: “In the centres of expansion, increased demand will spur investment, which in turn will increase incomes and demand and cause a second round of investment and so on. Lenin was influenced by the British historian, J.A. Although there does not exist a systematic Marxian theory of development, the theory is implicit in Marx’s study of the laws of motion of the capitalist mode of production in his 3 volumes of Capital. Dependency theory first emerged in the 1950s, advocated by Raul Prebisch whose research found that the wealth of poor nations tended to decrease when the wealth of rich nations increased. [1][page needed], In critical development and postcolonial studies, the concepts of "development", "developed", and "underdevelopment" are often thought of to have origins in two periods: first, the colonial era, where colonial powers extracted labor and natural resources, and second (most often) in referring development as the postwar project of intervention on the so-called Third World. Dominant countries are endowed with technological, commercial, capital and socio-political predominance over dependent countries. 1, 2 & 3, W. Collins, London. He goes on to further clarify that the interdependence of two or more economies, and consequently world trade, assumes the form of dependence when dominant countries can create dependency only as a reflection of that expansion, which can have a negative effect on the subordinate’s immediate economy. It became a moral imperative for developed nations, primarily the U.S., to offer assistance so that these countries could industrialize the way the countries of the first world had. Most of the colonizers, according to Baran, were “rapidly determined to extract the largest possible gains from the host countries and to take their loot home” (1973: 274). In other words, Marx argued that the introduction of capitalism in India was a necessary evil. He is an inaugural member of the Society of Heterodox Economists (SHE) and has published 4 books and over 20 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Samir Amin’s contributions Class and Nations: Historically and in Current Crisis (1979), Crisis of Nationalism and Socialism (1982), De-linking: Towards a Polycentric World (1990), Euro-centrism (1989) and Mal-development: Anatomy of a Global Failure (1990) are replete with evidences that bear out the role of rich countries in underdevelopment and backwardness of the colonial less developed countries of the world. The Green Revolution was able to increase crop yields (at least in the short term, before land was degraded by the increased need for fertilizers and pesticides), but in the process it exacerbated vulnerable populations' poverty in countries that are now considered underdeveloped. There are two views regarding how dependence of underprivileged countries upon the fortunate ones is treated as destined in the modern approach of economic development: (a) One viewpoint is that not only the rich countries desire to have their hegemony over poor countries but also that the elite of a country, such as landlords, businessmen, bureaucrats, trade union leaders and entrepreneurs, support the sly intention of rich countries because they are rewarded for doing so.
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