report that primary EFAs cannot be synthesized by humans, hence dietary sources are required. The EFA content of breast milk varies considerably, by region and by variations in the maternal diet. GO TO FINAL SECTION OF ARTICLE Birch E, Birch D, Hoffman D, Hale L, Everett M, Uauy R (1993) "Breast-feeding and optimal visual development." Ratnayake WM, Chen ZY (1996) "Trans, n-3, and n-6 fatty acids in Canadian human milk." That way if the numbers look like they will point to an inconvenient conclusion, you can ignore them and find another way to crank out some numbers that suit you better. Birch et al. Some fruitarians may try to defend the non-logic of their "high water" defense of the fruit = milk theory by claiming that calories are not important. (Remark: If milk is "liquid meat," does that mean that babies who drink milk are engaging in cannibalism--, That milk is the ideal food for humans only at a specific time--. What does it suggest about how seriously one should take anything they say? Motil et al. and Hardy et al. Lipids, Oct. 1995, 30(10):941-8. However, others may also be able to glean at least some general principles about the nature of the "proof," and why it fails the requirements of a genuine, valid proof. Lipids, Oct. 1995, 30(10):941-8. Am J Clin Nutr 54:81-92. Then reflect on how likely it is that there is any serious evidence or legitimate scientific research to back up the fruitarian claims, in contrast to bogus analogies based on oversimplified data and/or the emotional appeal of superficial slogans. When challenged on this point, some fruitarians are quick to claim that they never said fruit could be substituted for mother's milk for infants. The above establishes that the fruit = milk theory is potentially dangerous to innocent children. Am J Clin Nutr 54:81-92. Deficiencies of EFAs may result in impairments or other harm to the infant. (That is not the case for some of the other issues in fruitarianism.) One would logically expect it to be lower in the fruitarians than in the lacto-vegetarians (from the study by Reddy et al. Back to Research-Based Appraisals of Alternative Diet Lore Farquharson J, Jamieson EC, Logan RW, Patrick WJ, Howatson AG, Cockburn F (1995) "Age- and dietary-related distributions of hepatic arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in early infancy." (When you are performing a crank science proof, it's important to have already reached the conclusion you want to arrive at ahead of time before you bother performing any calculations, of course. References for Section III science "proof" Farquharson J, Jamieson EC, Logan RW, Patrick WJ, Howatson AG, Cockburn F (1995) "Age- and dietary-related distributions of hepatic arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in early infancy." European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, July 1995, 61(1):57-62. Ortiz-Olaya N, Flores ME, DeSantiago S (1996) "Significance of lipid consumption during lactation." What proof is there, in general, that such children will receive adequate EFAs? Lipids, Mar. (More than a few fruitarians are anti-protein and regard it as "toxic.") Lipids, Jan. 1996, 31(1):115-9. [Refs: The mother's body is very efficient in using dietary fat sources for breast milk production. The studies above suggest (especially that of Reddy et al.) (Defects of an Alleged Statistical "Proof" that Fruit and Mother's Milk are Similar) The "fruit = milk" theory Make two solutions: Take two separate containers of distilled water, 999 ml = 999 grams of water each. Readers with an interest in statistics are encouraged to review the analysis. fruit!" Am J Clin Nutr 54:81-92. The mother's body is very efficient in using dietary fat sources for breast milk production. Pediatric Research, Sept. 1995, 38(3):361-5. Journal of Pediatrics, Nov. 1994, 125(5 Pt 2):S69-77. 1994, 13(2):203-8. Neville MC, Allen JC, Archer PC, Casey CE, Seacat J, Keller RP, Lutes V, Rasbach J, Neifert M (1991) "Studies in human lactation: milk volume and composition during weaning and lactogenesis." is potentially dangerous Indeed, a rigorous examination of the alleged "proof" shows that it analyzes the wrong data (hard to believe, but true), uses inappropriate analytical methods (covariance, correlation) for the data to be considered, plus uses the methods incorrectly, and even manages to derive invalid conclusions from the numbers that were produced by the incorrect proof. What if such a person were to substitute fruit/fruit juice for mother's milk (or for animal milk or formula) in the diet of an infant? Finally, some fruitarians and their supporters laugh at the above criticisms. The fruitarian argument here is invalid: It is similar to claiming that whole and skim milk are nearly the same, because the difference in fat content is a "small" number. The hormone is gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), which has been found to be important in regulating adult reproduction. Thus, rather than being a "robust" statistical proof that the nutritional profiles for milk and fruit are similar, the subject "proof" instead demonstrates crackpot, crank science at its worst. Neville MC, Allen JC, Archer PC, Casey CE, Seacat J, Keller RP, Lutes V, Rasbach J, Neifert M (1991) "Studies in human lactation: milk volume and composition during weaning and lactogenesis." Birch et al. I hope you find it of interest. As noted above, they are perfectly willing to point out that milk--or, as we are examining here, its nutritional profile--is appropriate for infants only, so long as they are looking at other species. I hope you find it of interest. However, the sugar solution is harmless, while the parathion solution is poisonous and very dangerous (it would easily kill an adult). I personally know of a fruitarian mother whose second child was hospitalized for B-vitamin deficiency. Hence the fat requirements for lactation of fruitarian mothers must be met primarily by dietary intake of fat. Dilute solutions and Because a discussion of the crank science "proof" at issue here assumes/requires some knowledge of statistics, an in-depth analysis is provided as an appendix to this paper. Farquharson et al. Are fruitarians and their supporters Am J Clin Nutr 54:81-92. (The fact that a few mothers and babies may thrive on such a diet is not proof. Then reflect on how likely it is that there is any serious evidence or legitimate scientific research to back up the fruitarian claims, in contrast to bogus analogies based on oversimplified data and/or the emotional appeal of superficial slogans. Ortiz-Olaya et al. They do say breastfeeding is nature's lipo. A newborn baby has only three demands. They are saying that a false nutritional theory that may put the health of infants at grave risk (among parents who believe the theory) is "just words," and that you should laugh with them at those who show genuine concern for the health of innocent children. See Table of Contents for Section II - Making Sense of the Numbers That way if the numbers look like they will point to an inconvenient conclusion, you can ignore them and find another way to crank out some numbers that suit you better. GO TO FINAL SECTION OF ARTICLE Ortiz-Olaya N, Flores ME, DeSantiago S (1996) "Significance of lipid consumption during lactation." Neville MC, Allen JC, Archer PC, Casey CE, Seacat J, Keller RP, Lutes V, Rasbach J, Neifert M (1991) "Studies in human lactation: milk volume and composition during weaning and lactogenesis." Makrides M, Neumann MA, Simmer K, Gibson RA (1995) "Erythrocyte fatty acids of term infants fed either breast milk, standard formula, or formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturates." The simplistic use of milk as the model or ideal food ignores important realities: Fruitarianism is a theory, and false-to-facts." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Jan.-Feb. 1993, 30(1):33-8. Human milk is not just a food; it also complements the immaturity of organs in infants. The "fruit is like mother's milk" theory is one of the issues where real scientific data and methods are available to provide a definitive answer. To summarize: Fruitarian breast milk probably has lower fat/EFA content than the breast milk of omnivore mothers. Those who cite this defense are claiming that the nutritional analyses of mother's milk were made using milk from omnivore mothers, hence is not the same as an analysis of milk from fruitarian mothers. Lipids, Mar. (That is not the case for some of the other issues in fruitarianism.)
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