Young birds perform spontaneous, frivolous running ('frolicking') which has all the appearance of play. [37], James G. Dickson, National Wild Turkey Federation (U.S.), United States. That’s exotic and far away.”, The success of Central American, European-cultivated turkeys in England from the reign of Henry VIII onwards is what made it possible to send them on ships to Virginia in 1584 and Massachusetts in 1629, “a distinct case of carrying coals to Newcastle,” admitted Keith Stavely and Kathleen Fitzgerald in their culinary history entitled America’s Founding Food. wood shavings, which relies upon the controlled build-up of a microbial flora requiring skilful management. The choice is historically a utilitarian one, and the association is so strong that "Turkey Day" has been an informal name for the holiday since at least 1863 — the year President Lincoln made the holiday official. One of the more memorable lines about the turkey comes courtesy of Benjamin Franklin, who was disappointed about the eagle, a creature of “bad moral character,” being chosen for the United States’ emblem. (Dinde truffée, despite its exorbitant cost, or perhaps because of it, took off. One bird’s journey from the forests of New England to the farms of Iran. So the new bird was soon being called a turkey-cock, eventually shortened to turkey. Harris describes threat of climate change. In commercial production, breeder farms supply eggs to hatcheries. according to the museum curator Susan Rossi-Wilcox, estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization. How Americans chose a bird from Mexico as our Thanksgiving meal—and why they named it after Turkey, Harris describes threat of climate change, 9 Pairs of Words That Look the Same But Different, Set your young readers up for lifelong success, if it was exotic, chances are it got a Turkish appellation, Study Up With Our Official SCRABBLE Dictionary. It’s hard, for example, to understand the curious prominence of Tunisia and Morocco in turkey production until one recalls that these countries only gained independence from France—a giant in the turkey world—in the 1950s. The Boston Herald, 21 Nov. 1863, Thanksgiving.—Our annual Turkey day is fast approaching!—Leavenworth Bulletin (Leavenworth, KS), 20 Nov. 1868, Tomorrow is turkey day, gobbler’s day, or the day when the gobbler is gobbled.—Hartford Courant (Hartford, CT), 23 Nov. 1870. Turkeys are sold sliced and ground, as well as "whole" in a manner similar to chicken with the head, feet, and feathers removed. Advances in shipping, changing consumer preferences and the proliferation of commercial poultry plants has made fresh turkey inexpensive as well as readily available. The English gave the Turks credit for any number of new imports: maize was Turkish wheat, and pumpkins were Turkish cucumbers—though both were actually New World plants. The English language name for this species results from an early misidentification of the bird with an unrelated species which was imported to Europe through the country of Turkey. Wilson G. Pond and Alan W. Bell (Eds). expression of a behaviour by one animal increases the tendency for this behaviour to be performed by others. Feather pecking occurs frequently amongst commercially reared turkeys and can begin at 1 day of age. (In the Romance languages and German, the bird was called “Indian chicken,” because the Americas were referred to as “the Indies.”) The origin of the word “turkey,” according to many contemporary scholars, unfortunately boils down to the English being rubes: the word “Turkey” meant, “You know, exotic things from far away. Europeans also brought turkeys with them to their later colonial expeditions. This is necessary because the dark meat requires a higher temperature to denature all of the myoglobin pigment than the white meat (which is very low in myoglobin), so that fully cooking the dark meat tends to dry out the breast. They apparently liked the bird; turkeys were among the plunder they took back to Spain around 1519. Similar legislation had been passed in England in 1541.”. By 1541, the birds had arrived in England. In "The Encyclopaedia of Animal Science". In the annals of packing blunders, surely there’s a special place for the time English settler ships brought European-raised turkeys to New England in 1629. How Came You So?—(advt.) The picture below will show various variation for the word turkey in Spanish. However, all of the main domestic turkey varieties today descend from the turkey raised in central Mexico that was subsequently imported into Europe by the Spanish in the 16th century.[2]. Researchers at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) have patented a method of removing the stiff quill from the fibers which make up the feather. As David Gentilcore observed in Food and Health in Early Modern Europe, turkeys received an uncomplicated welcome in Europe that was not offered, for example, to corn or tomatoes. This page was last edited on 7 September 2020, at 00:55. Turkeys: Behavior, Management and Well-Being. When the French epicure Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin wrote of going on a wild-turkey hunt in 1794 in Connecticut, he observed that the flesh was so superior to that of European domesticated animals that his readers should try to procure, at the very least, birds with lots of space to roam. Olsen dates formal Spanish turkey farming to 1530, by which point turkeys had already made it to Rome and were about to debut in France as well. There’s forgetting a toothbrush, for example, and then there’s living in a dropping-filled boat for three months in order to deposit anemic, sea-ruffled birds in forests positively lousy with their larger, fatter cousins. Blue slate is a domestic turkey breed. Part of the reason for that, he argued, was that Europeans knew what to do with the bird’s meat: “If the new food could be viewed as a substitute for another food, then its chances of meeting with approbation were higher.”, The turkey’s particular pattern of adoption, others contend, was related to social status as well. ", "Researcher talks turkey on Thanksgiving dinner droop", "Turkey-Manure Power Plant Raises Stink with Environmentalists", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domestic_turkey&oldid=977112013, Native American cuisine of the Southeastern Woodlands, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The English gave the Turks credit for any number of new imports in the 16th century. Female domestic turkeys are referred to as hens, and the chicks may be called poults or turkeylings. [citation needed]. Blue Slate. As of 2012, global turkey-meat production was estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) at 5.63 million metric tons. This isn’t the only reflection in turkey history of the disastrous dynamic between Europeans and Native Americans: just look to Jared Diamond’s controversial Guns, Germs, and Steel theory that Americans were at a disadvantage relative to Europeans in part because turkeys and dogs were the only domesticable animals in Mesoamerica, leading to lower levels of agriculture and lower disease resistance. Frozen whole turkeys remain popular. With the availability of refrigeration, whole turkeys could be shipped frozen to distant markets. Ambient temperatures for adult domestic turkeys are usually maintained between 18 and 21 °C (64 and 70 °F). The breast of the turkey can be dipped in breadcrumbs as an alternative to chicken nuggets. Yes, there are multiple ways of saying turkey in Spanish. It was domesticated from Mexican wild turkeys brought back to Europe by the first Spanish explorers who visited the USA. The great majority of domestic turkeys are bred to have white feathers because their pin feathers are less visible when the carcass is dressed, although brown or bronze-feathered varieties are also raised. You will notice that some terms are similar to English, such as abeja (bee) sounding like bzzz similar to our "buzz. Throughout, the birds strut slowly about, with the neck arched backward, their breasts thrust forward and emitting their characteristic 'gobbling' call. The Aztecs associated the turkey with their trickster god Tezcatlipoca,[5] perhaps because of its perceived humorous behavior. List of Animal Sounds in Spanish . Rations generally include corn and soybean meal, with added vitamins and minerals, and is adjusted for protein, carbohydrate and fat based on the age and nutrient requirements. The skin of the head, neck and caruncles (fleshy nodules) becomes bright blue and red, and the snood (an erectile appendage on the forehead) elongates, the birds 'sneeze' at regular intervals, followed by a rapid vibration of their tail feathers. The domestic turkey is the eighth largest living bird species in terms of maximum mass at 39 kg (86 lbs). These would be driven as flocks, after shoeing, down to markets in London from the 17th century onwards - the breeds having arrived in the early 16th century via Spain.[13]. Ben might have gotten a bit carried away in his description, but perhaps he glimpsed the turkey’s potential global appeal. Spanish Black, Royal Palm). Both fresh and frozen turkeys are used for cooking; as with most foods, fresh turkeys are generally preferred, although they cost more. Commercial turkeys show a wide diversity of behaviours including 'comfort' behaviours such as wing-flapping, feather ruffling, leg stretching and dust-bathing. Rumor has it Ben Franklin even wanted it to be the national bird. When you consider the slow speed of travel in the 16th century, it’s nothing short of astonishing how quickly turkeys caught on. The buildings can be very large (converted aircraft hangars are sometimes used) and may contain tens of thousands of birds as a single flock. To reduce feather pecking, turkeys are often beak-trimmed. Without careful preparation, cooked turkey may end up less moist than other poultry meats, such as chicken or duck. Turkeys, the bird closely associated with Thanksgiving, were first encountered by the Spanish in Mexico. Deep frying turkey has become something of a fad, with hazardous consequences for those unprepared to safely handle the large quantities of hot oil required. When the Spanish arrived in Mexico in the 16th century they encountered the already-domesticated common turkey, Meleagris gallopavo. The vast majority of turkeys are reared indoors in purpose-built or modified buildings of which there are many types. Fly steals focus during debate, litany continuous light, long photoperiods (23 h), or intermittent lighting, to encourage feeding and accelerate growth.
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