-- Grief and rage of Tomyris. -- Cyrus's dream. It was arranged that these persons, as well as a considerable portion of the army, and a large number of attendants that had followed the camp thus far, were not to accompany the expedition across the river, but were to remain behind and return to the capital. He also conquered Bactria, according to Herodotus. He credited Marduk (to the Babylonians) and Yahweh (to the Jews whom he would free from exile), depending on the audience, for choosing him as the right leader. The enemy will attack your advanced detachment. In the neighborhood of these mountains there was a country, inhabited by a wild and half-savage people, who were called Scythians. The Lydians retreated to the citadel where Croesus intended to wait out a siege until his allies could come to his assistance. She was faithful to her agreement, and drew her forces back to the place proposed, and left them there, encamped under the command of her son. After months spent marching and getting into position, the two kings fought an initial, inconclusive battle, perhaps in November. He conquered Babylonia without a fight. -- Reflections. It would be obviously much easier to transport the army by using these boats and rafts to float the men across, instead of constructing a bridge with them; but this would not have been safe, for the transportation of the army by such a means would be gradual and slow; and if the enemy were lurking in the neighborhood, and should make an attack upon them in the midst of the operation, while a part of the army were upon one bank and a part upon the other, and another portion still, perhaps, in boats upon the stream, the defeat and destruction of the whole would be almost inevitable. -- Hard-heartedness, selfishness, and cruelty characterize the ambitious. Cyrus the Great - Persian Achaemenid Dynasty Founder, Cyrus II King of the Persians Defeats the Medes, Records of Cyrus II and the Propaganda of Darius, Rulers of the Persian Empire: Expansionism of Cyrus and Darius, Important Kings of the Ancient Middle East, Biography of Darius the Great, Leader of Persia's Achaemenid Empire, Ancient Sources on Persian or Iranian History, Biography of Xerxes, King of Persia, Enemy of Greece, Behistun Inscription: Darius's Message to the Persian Empire, Persepolis (Iran) - Capital City of the Persian Empire, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. The ignominy of such a defeat and such a captivity, he knew well, must be indelible. Then, the incursion which he was to make was into a remote, and wild, and dangerous country and he could not but be aware that he might never return. -- The great battle. Cyrus the Great is well-known for his policy of tolerance and respect. When he awoke in the morning, he sent for Hystaspes, and related to him his dream. They formed a very extensive and powerful realm. After having made the conquest of the Babylonian empire, Cyrus found himself the sovereign of nearly all of Asia, so far as it was then known. While Cyrus was engaged in the work of constructing the bridge, embassadors appeared, who said that they had been sent from Tomyris. They took it up with a ferocious and exulting joy, and carried it to Tomyris. Here he stationed a feeble portion of his army, with great stores of provisions and wines, and abundance of such articles as would be prized by the barbarians as booty. Cyrus was resourceful and so he found an opportunity to breach the citadel. -- Speech of Croesus. The Persians fought desperately, for they fought for their lives. This would be the wisest course, too, Tomyris said, for himself, and she counseled him, for his own welfare, to follow it. The uneasiness and anxiety which Cyrus seems to have felt in respect to his future fate on this memorable march affected even his dreams. After having made the conquest of the Babylonian empire, Cyrus found himself the sovereign of nearly all of Asia, so far as it was then known. They will fall upon the plunder in disorder, and the discipline of their army will be overthrown. It seems that there was among the officers of his army a certain general named Hystaspes. But such are the natural and inevitable effects of ambition and an inordinate love of power. Secure him, and let him be ready to give me an account of his conduct when I shall return.". The provisions and stores fell into the hands of the victors. Ever since the time of his captivity, he had been retained in the camp and in the household of Cyrus, and had often accompanied him in his expeditions and campaigns. She would agree to withdraw all her forces three days' march into her own country, so that he might cross the river safely and at his leisure, and she would await him at the place where she should have encamped; or, if he preferred it, she would cross the river and meet him on his own side. On the other hand, Cyrus may have been the fourth king of Anshan (modern Malyan), and the second king Cyrus there. She had a son named Spargapizes, who had, like the sons of Cyrus, attained maturity, and was the heir to the throne. He controlled and received tribute from the Greek cities in Ionia. At any rate, he resolved to settle the affairs of his government before he set out, in order to secure both the tranquillity of the country while he should be absent, and the regular transmission of his power to his descendants in case he should never return. -- Warning of Tomyris. They had one very singular custom, according to Herodotus. While the people had admired Cyrus the great as a fine king and felt put upon by the tyrannical Cambyses, Darius never overcame the question of his lineage and was called "the shopkeeper.". If she would draw back from the river three days' march, he would cross it with his army as soon as practicable, and then come forward and attack her. They will go to feasting upon the provisions and to drinking the wines, and then, when they are in the midst of their festivities and revelry, you can come back suddenly with the real strength of your army, and wholly overwhelm them.". This was Croesus, the fallen king of Lydia. It was near the close of this interval, when he was, in fact, advancing toward a late period of life, that he formed the plan of penetrating into these northern regions, with a view of adding them also to his domains. His mother Tomyris, when she heard of his fate, was frantic with grief and rage. It is possible that the third main Achaemenid ruler Darius invented his relationship to Cyrus, in order to give legitimacy to his rule. While her heart, therefore, was burning with resentment and anger, and with an almost uncontrollable thirst for revenge, her hand was restrained. The Scythians, however, if such they can properly be called, who lived on the borders of the Caspian Sea, were not wholly uncivilized. The first plan which Cyrus formed for the annexation of the realm of the Massagetae to his own dominions was by a matrimonial alliance. -- Hystaspes. -- The Scythians. Cyrus the Great died around 529 B.C., while campaigning against defiant nomadic tribes around the Caspian Sea. She had commissioned them, they said, to warn Cyrus to desist entirely from his designs upon her kingdom, and to return to his own. Young suggests that this kingdom wasn't known as Persia until the start of the empire. He was present on this occasion, and he dissented from the opinion which was expressed by the officers of the army. When Cyrus defeated Croesus, the last king of Lydia, he ordered him to be saved, not killed and made him an advisor for his empire. They were in the heart of an enemy's country, with a broad river behind them to cut off their retreat, and they were contending with a wild and savage foe, whose natural barbarity was rendered still more ferocious and terrible than ever by the exasperation which they felt, in sympathy with their injured queen. In about 550, Cyrus defeated the Median king Astyages (or Ishtumegu), took him prisoner, looted his capital at Ecbatana, and then became king of Media. When the arrows were spent, the men fought hand to hand, with spears, and javelins, and swords. It was evident, at last, that the Scythians were gaining the day. Spargapizes watched an opportunity to seize a weapon when he was not observed by his guards, and killed himself. Other reasons include: * No other “barbarian” was portrayed with good image by Greek writers like Cyrus. Two thirds of her army remained still uninjured. Relations between the Persian king and the Ionian Greeks were strained. Cyrus' empire now included Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. These wildernesses were rendered unfit for man, sometimes by excessive heat, sometimes by excessive cold, sometimes from being parched by perpetual drought, which produced bare and desolate deserts, and sometimes by incessant rains, which drenched the country and filled it with morasses and fens.
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