Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It was during these protests in May 1970 that National Guardsmen fired at rock-throwing protestors at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four. Forty-five years since the October war in 1973, Israel still occupies Palestinian territories and Syrian Golan Heights. Kissingers Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957) established him as an authority on U.S. strategic policy. After the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 (see Yom Kippur War), Kissinger used what came to be called shuttle diplomacy in disengaging the opposing armies and promoting a truce between the belligerents. It was a sign that Nixon's effort at "triangulation" was working; fear of improved relations between China and America was leading the Soviets to better their own relations with America, just as Nixon hoped. In a matter of six days, the Israeli army delivered a huge setback to the forces of three Arab countries and occupied territory that was three and a half times its size. Instead of unilateral action, they now spoke of sending observers, not soldiers. He remained in office after Nixons resignation in 1974, directing the conduct of foreign affairs under President Ford. His idea would be to tour around the country, build up [South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van] Thieu and so forth, and then make the announcement right afterwards. Publicly, he said his strategy was a combination of negotiating and "Vietnamization," a program to train and arm the South Vietnamese to take over responsibility for their own defense, thus enabling American troops to withdraw. So, left to contemplate a war, Sadat found an ally in al-Assad, who had come to power through a coup detat in 1970, and he too had a point to prove to his people. As a result, units from the Iraqi, Saudi and Jordanian armies joined the fight on the Syrian front to face the counterattack. The President sensed opportunity and began to send out tentative diplomatic feelers to China. Assad saw the war, which he was planning, as a war of liberation.. Nixon cut American aid to Chile, which had been running $70 million a year, to less than $1 million. This initial military success, which came to be known to Egyptians as the crossing, served as a sign of victory after 25 years of defeat. A large-scale American airlift of supplies prevented Israeli defeat; a ceasefire negotiated with the Soviet Union forestalled Israeli victory. In 1967, Israel launched attacks onEgypt, Jordan and Syria, unleashing the June War, that resulted in the Israeli occupation of what remained of historic Palestine, as well as the Egyptian Sinai desert, and the Golan Heights from Syria. But the negotiations quickly became strained as skirmishes continued in the confusion of the battlefield. When Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Judaism's holiest day, Yom Kippur, they were backed up by Gulf oil states that announced a price increase of 70 percent; and when Nixon asked Congress for emergency aid to Israel, Arab officials imposed a total embargo on oil shipments to the United States. General Renee Schneider, the Chilean army chief of staff, supported his country's constitution and opposed any coup plot. He kept Secretary of State William Rogers and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird out of the loop on key matters of foreign policy. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II and in the postwar U.S. military government of Germany. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Omissions? FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. The Arab countries managed to salvage their defeats after repeated losses in the 1948, 1956 and 1967 wars with Israel. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. He badly miscalculated, as the outbreak of the 1973 Yom Kippur War demonstrated. Also in keeping with his intention to convey a sense of presidential irrationalityNixon as "madman"he launched a worldwide nuclear alert. Their objectives, however, were markedly different. The equivalent of the total forces of NATO in Europe was mobilized on Israels borders. Nixon took office intending to secure control over foreign policy in the White House. The Arab countries enforced an embargo on the US, suspending oil supply. Download free books in PDF format. He eventually came to serve as head of the National Security Council (196975) and as secretary of state (September 1973January 20, 1977). "In Chile, Nixon's opposition to the democratically elected president, socialist Salvador Allende, helped pave the way for a military coup whose legacy of death and despotism burden that nation still. With Eric Schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher, he published The Age of AI: And Our Human Future (2021). During this period, he pioneered the policy of dtente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with China, engaged in what became known as shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East to end the Yom Kippur War, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Oct. 25, 1973 - Cease Fire Agreement Ends Yom Kippur War "A U.S.-Soviet proposal for a ceasefire followed by peace talks was adopted by the UN Security Council as Resolution 338 on October 22. Kissinger talked him out of it. Kissingers reputation as a political scientist led to his role as an adviser to New York governor and Republican presidential aspirant Nelson Rockefeller. In a news conference on January 24, which clarified the main points of the agreement, Kissinger said: The United States is seeking a peace that heals. So, in May 1974, Kissinger set out on his second round of shuttle diplomacy, this time between Damascus and Tel Aviv. We have had many armistices in Indochina.
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